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Interwar naval service of Erich Raeder
(詳細はnaval leader in Germany before and during World War II. Raeder attained the highest possible naval rank—that of ''Großadmiral'' (Grand Admiral) — in 1939, becoming the first person to hold that rank since Alfred von Tirpitz. Raeder led the ''Kriegsmarine'' (German War Navy) for the first half of the war; he resigned in 1943 and was replaced by Karl Dönitz. He was sentenced to life in prison at the Nuremberg Trials, but was released early due to failing health. Raeder is also well known for dismissing Reinhard Heydrich from the Reichsmarine in April 1931 for "conduct unbecoming to an officer and a gentleman".
This article covers Raeder's life as the Grand Admiral up to the start of World War II.
==The Fall of Zenker and the Rise of Raeder==
In 1927, the Phoebus film studio went bankrupt.〔Wheeler-Bennett p. 188.〕 Subsequently, bankruptcy proceedings established that the studio was a front company created by Captain Walter Lohmann of the ''Reichsmarine'' to obtain nitrate and that the navy had poured millions of Reichmarks to subsidize the financially struggling studio over the last few years.〔〔Bird ''Weimar'' pp. 180-189.〕 The public outrage centered less around the fact that Navy had established a front company to help violate Versailles, but rather that the Navy had run the Phoebus studio in such an inept manner as to require millions of Reichmarks in secret subsides to keep it afloat, and even then, the Phoebus studio had still gone bankrupt.〔 These disclosures of his knowledge of this matter and his initial claims of ignorance of Captain Lohmann's activities forced the Defence Minister Otto Gessler to resign in disgrace in January 1928.〔 The commander in chief of the Navy, Admiral Hans Zenker insisted that he knew nothing of the secret subsides to Phoebus, but his denials grew increasingly unconvincing as 1928 went on, and finally he was told by the President, Field Marshal Hindenburg in September 1928 that he would have to resign for the good of the service.〔Bird ''Weimar'' pp. 187-189.〕 In October 1928, Raeder was promoted to ''Admiral'' and made Commander-in-Chief of the ''Reichsmarine'', the Weimar Republic Navy (''Oberbefehlshaber der Reichsmarine''). Raeder was appointed C-in-C largely because it was felt by the rest of the admirals' that he was the best man to deal with politicians, and win them over to the ''Seemachtidelogie''.〔Thomas p. 261.〕 The Defense Minister General Wilhelm Groener disliked Raeder and might had vetoed his nomination, but he wanted Zenker's successor to be someone who was not connected in any way with the Phoebus affair which had become a major embarrassment to the Defense Ministry, which led him to support Raeder as the best man available. Upon taking command, Raeder promptly caused a political storm when during a dinner with leading officers to honor him as the new naval chief, he proposed a toast to the deposed Wilhelm II.〔Wheeler-Bennett p. 191.〕
From when he assumed leadership of the ''Reichsmarine'' in 1928, Raeder’s leadership was extremely authoritarian with no tolerance extended to those whose views differed from his.〔Herwig p. 87.〕 In 1929, Raeder successfully pressured the Berlin publishing house of E.S. Mitter from publishing a book by Wegener critical of Tirpitz’s leadership.〔 Despite Raeder's best efforts to suppress it, another publishing house printed Wegener's book ''The Naval Strategy of the World War'' later in 1929. Other officers complained about the way in which Raeder sought to re-write history in the Official History in a way that gloried Tirpitz with no regard to what actually happened with Admiral Assemann of the Historical Branch complaining to Raeder: "I am convinced that it makes no difference to you Herr Admiral, what we write ... We must only write in such a way that you have peace with the old admirals".〔Thomas p. 57.〕 In 1937, Raeder banned a study of the Navy in World War I critical of Tirpitz because "it is unconditionally necessary to hold back all publications contra Tirpitz".〔 In private, Raeder was prepared to admit that Tirpitz had made mistakes, but to do so publicly was anathema to him as would mean damaging the mystique of the "Tirpitz cult" that Raeder believed essential to maintain the prestige of the Navy.〔〔Bird ''Weimar'' pp. 26-27.〕 Raeder's strong authoritarian tendencies came to the fore as soon he assumed command of the ''Reichsmarine'' in 1928 when he sent out a circular making clear that dissent would not be allowed while at the same time carrying out the "great seal hunt" of 1928-29 when Raeder forced most of the senior admirals into early retirement in order to promote men who were loyal to him.〔Thomas p. 54.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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